Rectal prolapse, also known as rectal procidentia, is a condition in which the rectum protrudes through the anus. It occurs when the rectal walls become stretched or weakened, allowing the rectum to slip out of its normal position. Rectal prolapse can range from a mild protrusion to a more severe inversion of the rectum, which may require manual reduction or surgery to correct.

Rectal prolapse is more common in older adults, particularly women, and those with a history of chronic constipation, pelvic floor dysfunction, or previous pelvic surgeries. Other risk factors include childbirth trauma, chronic straining during bowel movements, and conditions such as cystic fibrosis or neurologic disorders that affect bowel function.

Symptoms of rectal prolapse may include:

Visible protrusion of the rectum through the anus, which may worsen during bowel movements or straining.
Discomfort, pain, or a feeling of fullness in the rectal area.
Bleeding or mucus discharge from the rectum.

Diagnosis of rectal prolapse typically involves a physical examination, during which the prolapsed tissue is visualized and assessed. Additional tests such as colonoscopy or imaging studies may be performed to evaluate the extent of prolapse and rule out other conditions. Treatment options for rectal prolapse depend on the severity of the prolapse and the patient’s overall health. Mild cases may be managed conservatively with dietary and lifestyle modifications, pelvic floor exercises, and medications to relieve symptoms. For more severe cases or those that do not respond to conservative measures, surgical intervention may be necessary.