While long considered a vestigial structure with no significant function, recent research suggests that it may play a role in the immune system and the maintenance of gut bacteria.

One proposed function of the appendix is its role in immune function, particularly during early childhood. It is thought to act as a reservoir for beneficial bacteria, which can help repopulate the gut following illnesses that purge the intestines of these helpful microbes. Additionally, the appendix contains lymphatic tissue, which is important for immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

Despite its potential immunological function, the appendix is prone to inflammation, a condition known as appendicitis. Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes blocked, often by fecal matter, infection, or a foreign body, leading to swelling, pain, and potential complications such as perforation and peritonitis.

Treatment for appendicitis typically involves surgical removal of the appendix, a procedure known as an appendectomy. This is often performed urgently to prevent the appendix from rupturing and spreading infection throughout the abdomen. Advances in surgical techniques have made appendectomies safer and more efficient, with many procedures now performed laparoscopically, resulting in smaller incisions, less post-operative pain, and quicker recovery times.